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"On a dark night, I was misfortune.........." If you haven't been spoilt by your city life, you could theoretically rush down a gravel like a antelope on a dark night. And the hillside of the steep cliffs came to the brook and drank a mouthful of water. At the same time, it also noticed the traces of other beasts on the water, but..................., I believe that many donkeys have had a small night in the wild. The unpleasant experience was caused only by the fact that the lamps he carried were really unsatisfying, inconvenient to use, not strong enough in light, too fast, too heavy, unpredictable in quality, and unable to stand the test of a harsh environment....., And so on, etc., the market is also filled with N variety of various types of lamps, then, let us through a series of comparisons and analysis to see what kind of lamps you really need.

Part I: Basic Knowledge

Perhaps most people think that the lamp is a simple thing, it seems not worthy of careful analysis and study, on the contrary, the design and manufacture of the ideal lamp requires a wealth of knowledge in electronics, materials, machinery, and optics. Understanding these foundations will help you to correctly evaluate the quality of the lamps.

Incandescent bulbs

In the outdoor night, if you want to look a bit farther away, no incandescent light fixture is unimaginable. It is not easy to make the incandescent light bulb bright and energy-saving. Filling an inert gas under a certain light bulb power can make the brightness brighter. There is a certain degree of improvement, and the life span is longer. It is usually helium and helium. Specially, the high-power halogen bulb is sacrificed at the expense of service life. From an outdoor use point of view, ordinary inert gas bulbs are more appropriate considering the versatility, reliability, and long-term use. Of course, lamps using high-intensity halogen bulbs also have absolute advantages. The popular lamp bulb interface is more common with standard bayonet sockets and two-pin sockets or special lamp bulbs. From the point of generality and convenience of purchase, lamps using standard bayonet bulbs are easy to replenish, with many substitutes, low prices, and long service life. Many high-end lighting fixtures also use the halogen light bulbs of the bayonet Halogen. Of course, Halogen's price is relatively high, and it is not convenient to purchase in the country. The Superba bulbs in major supermarkets are also quite good substitutes for performance. To make the light bulb more energy efficient, you can only try to reduce the power, brightness and time are always contradictory, in a certain voltage situation, the bulb with a smaller rated current must be long, PETZL SAXO AQUA uses a 6V 0.3A xenon bulb to achieve The effect of ordinary 6V 0.5A bulbs, and the theoretical time to use four AA batteries to reach 9 hours, is regarded as a relatively successful typical brightness and time balance, the domestic nominal light bulb has a small current rating, is a good alternative. Of course, Surefire is a typical example of the pure pursuit of glare. Surefire is a 65-litre lamp with only two hours of lithium. Therefore, when purchasing a lamp, check the bulb calibration value of the lamp and calculate its approximate power. Combined with the diameter of the lamp bowl, you can basically estimate the approximate brightness, maximum range and usage time, and you will not be easily passive. Ads are confused

GP Superpower Xenon Bulb



specification


2, LED
The practical application of high-brightness light-emitting diodes has brought revolution to the lamp industry. Low energy consumption and long life are its greatest advantages. Using a few ordinary dry batteries is sufficient to maintain a high-brightness LED with tens or even hundreds of hours of lighting. The benefits are too many, thousands of hours of life do not theoretically consider spare problems, but the biggest problem with LEDs is that its light is difficult to solve, and divergent light sources make it almost impossible to illuminate nighttime In the ground beyond 10 meters, the cold light color also makes it penetrating sharply for outdoor rain, fog, and snow. Therefore, the lamps and lanterns are often improved by simultaneously connecting several or even dozens of LEDs, but the effect is not obvious. There has been the emergence of high-power, high-brightness spotlight LEDs. However, performance has not yet reached the point where they can completely replace incandescent light bulbs. The cost is also very high. The standard LED driving voltage is between 3-3.7V. The LED brightness standard is expressed in mcd. The diameter is 5mm and 10mm. The larger the diameter is, the higher the mcd value is, the higher the brightness is. Considering the energy consumption, 5mm grade is selected, and the mcd value is about 6000-10000. However, due to the large number of LED manufacturers, many domestic LED tubes are vacant and the nominal value is not credible. In general, the imported products are the Sino-Japanese companies. The LED performance is well-recognized, and is also the most used brand-name lamps. Since the LEDs are light enough to be lit at a very small current, the nominal tens or hundreds of hours of ordinary LED luminaires have to be greatly reduced in actual use, and it may be sufficient to light the entire camp for the first few hours, and dozens of times thereafter. It is difficult to watch the watch with an hour. Therefore, it is a standard configuration of high-end outdoor LED lamps to install the voltage adjustment circuit to optimize the configuration of power. At present, ordinary LED is still more suitable for use as a near-light source for camps or tents, which is also its advantage. .

High-power, high-concentration LED and its effect on ARC LSHP



10 meters away from the house



3, light bowl
An important factor in determining the quality of lighting is the reflector of the light source—the lamp bowl. Ordinary lamp bowls are silver plated on plastic or metal bowls. For high-power incandescent lamp sources, metal lamp bowls are more conducive to heat dissipation. The diameter determines the theoretical range. In a sense, the better the light bowl is, the better the light bowl is, and the best light bowl is a wrinkle orange peel in a circle, which effectively controls the light dark spots caused by the diffraction of light and makes the spot in the illumination area. More uniform and uniform. In general, having a wrinkled lamp bowl illustrates the professional orientation of the lamp.

Princeton surge wrinkle lamp bowl



Princeton surge (4AA) 1 meter irradiation effect


PETZL DUO (4AA) 1 meter without a wrinkle bowl


4, the lens
The lens protects the light from the lamp cap or is a converging effect, usually made of glass or resin. Glass has good heat resistance, is not easy to draw, and is stable. However, the strength of outdoor use is worrying, and the cost of processing into a convex surface is too high. The resin sheet is conducive to processing, the strength is reliable, and the weight is light, but care must be taken to prevent excessive grinding. Generally, The excellent outdoor flashlight lens should be a resin sheet processed into a convex lens shape, which can control the convergence of light very effectively.

Semi-convex lens of ElektroLumens Blaster VI


5, battery
In many cases, you may complain about why the lamp is short of electricity, and blame the lamp itself. In fact, the choice of battery is also very important. In general, the capacity and discharge current of ordinary alkaline batteries are ideal. Low, easy to buy, versatile, but the large current discharge effect is not ideal, nickel-metal hydride rechargeable battery energy density ratio is higher, recycling is more economical, but the self-discharge rate is high, the discharge current of lithium battery is very ideal, very suitable for large The use of power lamps, but the use of economical poor, the current price of lithium is still relatively expensive, matching high-power luminaires based lighting fixtures, therefore, the vast majority of lamps in the market are using brand-name alkaline batteries, the overall performance is better, from In principle, the performance of alkaline batteries will be greatly compromised at low temperatures. Therefore, for lamps used in cold regions, the ideal method is to connect an external battery box and use the body temperature to ensure the operating temperature of the battery. It is worth noting that for some imported lamps, such as some models of PETZL and princeton, since the anodes of foreign dry batteries are all micro-projections, the negative contact of the lamp is designed to be flat and some negative recesses are used. Into the domestic battery, there may be poor contact, the solution is very simple, plus a small piece of gasket can be.

BLACK DIAMOND Space Shot and its External Battery Box

6, materials
Metals, plastics, and basic luminaires are all made of them. The metal luminaires are strong and durable. They are commonly used in light and strong aluminum alloys. Metal flashlights are often used as self-defense tools if necessary, but metals are generally not resistant to corrosion and are too heavy. Therefore, it is not suitable for diving lamps. It has good thermal conductivity and facilitates heat dissipation. At the same time, it also causes discomfort in the use of cold regions, making it difficult to use the headlights, resulting in high processing costs. There are too many kinds of engineering plastics, such as polycarbonate, ABS/polyester, polycarbonate glass fiber reinforced, polyimide, etc. The performance is also very different. Taking polycarbonate glass fiber as an example, its strength is enough. It is an ideal choice for headlamps and diving lamps to cope with a variety of outdoor harsh environments, corrosion resistance, insulation, and light weight, but ordinary ABS plastics used on cheap lamps are very short-lived and not durable. It can be distinguished by the squeezing feeling. A disadvantage of the plastics is that it is prone to aging. In extremely cold conditions, brittle cracks may occur.

For Maglite 2D flashlights, the use of aluminum alloy is an ideal choice


Lightweight, rugged, princeton headlights with polycarbonate glass fiber reinforced


7, switch
The setting of the lighting switch determines the convenience of its use. The sliding button switch similar to the iron tiger head flashlight is simple and convenient, but the congenitality is almost impossible to completely waterproof, obviously is not very suitable, the rubber button on the magnesium light D flashlight The switch is relatively easy to waterproof and convenient, but obviously not suitable for such occasions as diving, high water pressure may cause leakage at the switch. The tail-type switch is particularly popular in small lamps and lanterns, and it is particularly convenient for lighting and long-lighting. However, the complexity of the structure must be taken into consideration in terms of sealing performance and reliability. It is also a common problem that the poor contact is found in some famous factory lamps. Rotary lamp switch is the simplest and most reliable switch, but it can only be a single switch function, can not be divided into files, it is difficult to design focus function, dynamic waterproof is not good (easy to leak in the water operation switch). Knob-type switch is a favorite of many dive lamps. The waterproof structure is the best. It is easy to operate, easy to be divided into files, and has high reliability. It can be locked and cannot be lighted.

Keyswitch on Maglite 4D


Snap-on switch used on Surefire E2


Princeton TEC 40 with rotary lamp switch


PETZL SAXO AQUA Dive Head Lamp with Lockable Function Knob Switch

8, waterproof
It is very simple to judge whether a lamp is waterproof or not. Carefully check whether each decomposable part (lamp, switch, battery cover, etc.) of the lamp has a soft and elastic rubber ring. The rubber ring of excellent material plus a reasonable design and The excellent processing technology can even ensure that the water-proof depth is more than 1000 feet. The waterproof rubber ring of the common domestic L-shaped flashlight is void and can't be guaranteed not to leak under heavy rain. The reason is that the elasticity of the rubber is not enough, and the absolute sticking of the two faces cannot be guaranteed. Together. From the design point of view, rotating lamp-type switches and barrel knob switches are the easiest to waterproof in theory, and the slide-key type and tail-type switches are relatively more difficult. No matter what kind of switch design, it is best not to switch frequently during underwater use. The switch process is the most easy to enter the water. When diving, it is safer to apply a little grease on the rubber ring, which can be more effective. The seal, at the same time, the grease is also conducive to the maintenance of the rubber ring, to avoid premature aging caused by wear, after many years of use in the lamp, the rubber ring is the most easily burned parts of the lamp, should be replaced in time to ensure outdoor use High reliability.

Maglite's classic design, the figure 2, 7, 10 is a waterproof rubber ring, 6 rubber seal button switch


9, voltage adjustment circuit
The voltage adjustment circuit should be regarded as the best embodiment of the advanced nature of advanced lamps. There are two functions for using the voltage adjustment circuit: raise the voltage or keep the voltage constant. The former is mainly embodied in LED lamps. The driving voltage of common LEDs is in the range of 3-3.6V. It means that at least three ordinary batteries must be connected in series to achieve the desired effect, which undoubtedly severely restricts the design flexibility of the lamp. The latter represents the most reasonable use of electric energy, so that the voltage will not decrease with the attenuation of the battery, and always maintains At a reasonable brightness level, of course, it also facilitates the brightness of the bin adjustment. Advantages have disadvantages, voltage adjustment circuit will usually lose at least 30% of the electrical power, so it is usually used in low-power LED lamps. The representative voltage adjustment circuit is adopted by PETZL's MYO 5, LED brightness is adjusted in three steps, and the three-level LED smooth lighting is maintained for 10 hours, 30 hours, and 90 hours respectively.

Comparison of brightness/time/stationarity of PETZL MYO 5 with voltage adjustment circuit and MYO 3 without it


10. Functionality
In order to make the lamps not only able to light, but also have many additional functions or more convenient to use, a variety of designs emerged.

A well-used headband can, in most cases, make the headlamp play the role of a small flashlight, and many dive lighting fixtures often use this type of fixation. .


The small clip on the ARC AAA can be inserted into a shirt pocket like a pen. Of course, the most practical method is to use the headlamp on the hat.


The PETZL DUO LED has built-in spare light bulbs. Qualified outdoor lighting should do this.


Change a variety of power, ARC LSHP can easily use a variety of power modes as needed, change the bottom is, single CR123A, dual CR123A, dual AA


Standby power, if you only have one light fixture around you, changing the battery in a dark condition is often fatal. Black Diamond's Supernova headlight's own 6V power supply can be used during battery replacement or when the battery is running out of power. Hour LED lighting.


Adsorption, domestic 5LED headlights Although my personal evaluation is very low, but the function of the magnet can be adsorbed on the metal surface is still appreciated.


Gannet's maneuver gun II, free rotation of the lamp to facilitate the use of flashlights, headlights or various places

Liquid Foundation

Liquid foundation is light and thin, easy to apply, and less greasy. It is a very popular foundation cosmetics today. It is suitable for most skins, especially oily skin and quick makeup modification in summer.

Nowadays, modern foundations combine beauty and skin care into multifunctional products, such as anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, anti-oxidation, no allergens, no irritation to the eyes, and high SPF value as mentioned in the claims. Skin care components, such as hyaluronic acid, ceramide, plant extracts, multivitamin ACE, flavonoids, polyphenols, etc., make the product also have a certain moisturizing and skin care effect

Foundation is a type of facial cosmetics. It is in the form of powder in oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) form. It is a kind of emulsion cosmetics with powder added. It is made by taking advantage of the compatibility of powdery pigments with glycerin and water. The hue should be a lighter flesh color or a light pearly hue with a slightly wet appearance. With the changes of trends and different ethnic habits, the degree of translucency, the depth and type of color, and other appearance characteristics are quite different. When not in use, there will be sediment at the bottom, which is obviously divided into upper and lower layers. When using it, shake it up and down and left and right. The liquid foundation obtained by this formula is usually transparent, light and soft, and has good conformability to the skin.