Researchers from Tsinghua University School of Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center and others have revealed in a new study that the transcription factor Ascl2 initiates follicular T-helper-cell (Tfh) development. The results of this study were published in the January 19 issue of Nature. Leading this research is Professor Chen Dong, currently serving at Tsinghua University School of Medicine and MD Anderson Cancer Center. Professor Dong is one of the top scholars in the world of immunology. The team led by him has made important contributions in the discovery of important immune tolerance regulator molecules. In 2009, he was awarded the Young Immunologist Award for Outstanding Achievement by the American Society of Immunology. He has published more than 100 papers and monographs in world-class academic journals. T lymphocytes, or T cells for short, are pluripotent stem cells derived from bone marrow. In the embryonic and nascent stages, a part of the pluripotent stem cells or pre-T cells in the bone marrow migrate into the thymus, and differentiate and mature under the induction of thymic hormones to become immunologically active T cells. According to functions and surface markers, T cells can be divided into many types, including cytotoxic T cells, regulatory / inhibitory T cells, memory T cells and helper T cells. In the immune response, helper T cells play the role of an intermediate process. It can activate other types of immune cells that produce a direct immune response through proliferation and diffusion. Tfh cells are a special kind of helper T cells discovered in recent years. Tfh cells were first discovered in human tonsils and were described as a class of CD4 + T cells expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR5. They were initially found to be located in the B cell area of ​​lymphoid tissue. The characteristic signs of Tfh cells are CXCR5 +, PD-1 +, ICOS +, CCR7-. At the same time, the transcription factor Bcl-6 is expressed. These characteristics are clearly different from other Th subgroups, making Tfh be classified as a new subgroup of Th cells. Tfh cells play an important role in germinal center (GC) formation and B cell differentiation. Tfh cells participate in body immunity and play an important role in maintaining the body's immune balance. Tfh cell dysfunction is related to many diseases such as autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency and tumors. Therefore, there are a series of complex regulatory mechanisms in the body to ensure the normal development, differentiation and function of Tfh cells. But at present, these regulatory mechanisms are still not very clear. In this article, the researchers found that a bHLH (basic Helix-Loop-Helix, basic helix-loop-helix) transcription factor: Ascl2 (achaete-scute homologue 2) is selectively up-regulated in Tfh cells. In vitro experiments they confirmed that ectopic expression of Ascl2 up-regulated the expression of CXCR5 in T cells and down-regulated the expression of CCR7, while Bcl6 was not affected. In vivo experiments they confirmed that ectopic expression of Ascl2 can accelerate T cell migration to follicles and Tfh cell development. The results of genome-wide analysis showed that Ascl2 directly regulated the genes related to Tfh cells, and suppressed the expression of marker genes in TH1 cells and TH17 cells. Knocking out Ascl2 in CD4 + T cells and blocking the function of Ascl2 with Id3 protein can impair Tfh cell development and germinal center response. In contrast, Id3 mutations can significantly increase Tfh cell production. These results indicate that Ascl2 directly initiates Tfh cell development. The new research provides important research data for an in-depth understanding of the Tfh development mechanism and its role in body immunity and related diseases. Frameless mirrors offer a sleek and contemporary look that adds a touch of elegance to any room. Whether you need a dressing mirror, full body mirror, full length mirror, floor mirror, or fitting mirror, the frameless design enhances their functionality without compromising on style. Let's explore the benefits and features of these mirrors. Frameless dressing mirror, Frameless full body mirror, Frameless full length mirror, Frameless floor mirror, Frameless fitting mirror，stand mirror Xingtai Wosen Mirror Industry Co., Ltd , https://www.wosenmirror.com
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