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With the continuous growth of the production and consumption of primary non-ferrous metals in the world, the number of miscellaneous non-ferrous metals accumulated in the world is increasing, thus promoting the development of recycling of non-ferrous metals. With the increasing emphasis on sustainable economic development, the world's recycled non-ferrous metals will likely account for over 50% of global non-ferrous metal consumption. Non-ferrous metal recycling prospects are bright.
According to statistics, in the world's cathode copper output of 14.7 million tons in 2000, about 2 sails were produced using recycled miscellaneous raw materials; the global output of recycled lead reached 2.49 million tons, accounting for about 38% of the world’s lead production; Aluminum production reached 8.22 million tons, accounting for 25.6% of global aluminum consumption. If coupled with waste non-ferrous metals that are directly recycled in non-ferrous metal processing, it is estimated that about 20 million tons of waste non-ferrous metals will be recycled annually, accounting for about 30% of the world's non-ferrous metal consumption. Renewable non-ferrous metals have been used. Become an important source of non-ferrous metals supply to the world.
In recent years, with the significant increase in non-ferrous metal consumption in China, the volume of domestic waste miscellaneous non-ferrous metals has also increased significantly, which has promoted the development of renewable non-ferrous metal production. The recycling of waste miscellaneous non-ferrous metals can not only save natural resources and energy consumption, but also significantly reduce environmental pollution and improve the ecological environment. Since the reform and opening up, the recycling of waste miscellaneous non-ferrous metals in China has developed rapidly. In 2000, 25.4% of the total output of refined copper was produced. The production of waste miscellaneous raw materials was used; in the production of refined aluminum, 4.9% was produced using waste miscellaneous raw materials; in the production of refined lead, 9.3% was produced using waste miscellaneous raw materials, at 783.81. Of the 10,000 tons of non-ferrous metal production, about 8.5% are produced from waste miscellaneous materials.
At present, there have been a number of waste and non-ferrous metal recycling and production enterprises that have a large scale of production and operation in China. For example, Shanghai Xin Ge Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd., a Chinese-foreign joint venture, had assets of 388 million yuan at the end of 2000. At that time, it produced 99,800 tons of recycled aluminum, and its sales income reached 1.55 billion yuan, becoming the largest domestic non-ferrous metal production in the country. The enterprise is also one of the few nonferrous metals industry companies with sales revenue exceeding RMB 1 billion. Domestic copper production enterprises generally use waste miscellaneous materials in large quantities. According to statistics, of the 150,000 tons of refined copper produced by the Yunnan Copper Company in 2000, 21% were produced from waste miscellaneous raw materials; Jiangxi Copper Company produced 194,200 tons. Nearly 7% of tons of refined copper is produced from waste miscellaneous materials. It can be seen that waste miscellaneous non-ferrous metal materials have occupied an important position in the production of non-ferrous metals in China.
Second, non-ferrous metal recycling is an important way to achieve sustainable development
To vigorously carry out the recycling of waste and non-ferrous metals can not only solve the problem of insufficient raw materials for domestic non-ferrous metal mines, but also help protect natural resources and reduce the impact and damage to the ecological environment during non-ferrous metal production and consumption. Most non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, gold, and silver have good recyclability and can be repeatedly used without affecting the performance. This is a combination of non-ferrous metals and polymer materials, wood, cement, etc. Compared with the outstanding advantages. Giving full play to this advantage can greatly relieve the growing demand for mineral resources from social and economic development, significantly reduce the energy consumption in the non-ferrous metal production process, reduce environmental pollution, and realize the sustainable development of the non-ferrous metal industry.
Taking aluminum as an example, a typical production of 1 ton of primary aluminum consumes at least 4 tons of bauxite resources. The current annual output of primary aluminum in the world is about 25 million tons, and the annual consumption of bauxite is more than 100 million tons. If human consumption of aluminum can be recycled, as long as the recycling amount reaches one half of the output, the amount of bauxite will be reduced every year. The consumption is about 50 million tons, which is extremely important for the protection of the global bauxite resources. Second, the use of waste raw materials to produce 1 ton of alloyed aluminum ingots can save more than 95% of energy consumption compared to the production of 1 ton of primary aluminum ingots from bauxite raw materials. According to relevant statistics, the energy consumption per unit of 1 ton of primary aluminum ingots needs to consume 213.2 TJ (about 82% of electricity), and the energy consumption for producing 1 ton of recycled aluminum alloy ingots is 5.5 TJ (fuel accounts for about 80%). Only 2.6% of the energy consumption of primary aluminum ingot production, the comparative advantage is obvious. Since aluminum can be recycled and recycled, aluminum can be recycled from recycled aluminum scrap, and its energy-saving effect is even more remarkable. In addition, the production and emission of carbon dioxide in the production of recycled aluminum are greatly reduced compared with the production of primary aluminum. According to statistics, recycled aluminum production can reduce the carbon dioxide emissions by 91% compared with the use of hydropower, reduce carbon dioxide emissions by more than 97% compared to using fuel oil, and generate more carbon dioxide emissions than coal-fired power generation. The environmental benefits are significant.
From the perspective of sustainable development, the recycling of non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead, and zinc is basically similar to that of aluminum. There are also many energy savings from the production of cathode copper and recycled zinc from waste raw materials, such as the consumption of copper from renewable raw materials. Energy is only 19.7% of the copper produced from mineral raw materials; the energy used to produce zinc from recycled raw materials is only 27.4% of the zinc produced from mineral raw materials. The production of copper and zinc from renewable raw materials contributes even more to the protection of resources and the ecological environment than aluminum. Therefore, some experts predict that after the society's accumulated amount of waste and non-ferrous metals reaches a certain level, the non-ferrous metals needed by the market can no longer rely on mineral raw materials, and can be completely solved through the recycling of recycled non-ferrous metals. Therefore, making full use of recycled raw materials is an important way for China's non-ferrous metals industry to achieve sustainable development.
Third, the development and problems of China's non-ferrous metal recycling
In recent years, China's renewable non-ferrous metal production has made considerable progress. Renewable aluminum production and operation centers have been formed in areas such as Baoding, Hebei, Yongkang, Zhejiang, Nanhai, Guangdong, Baoying, Jiangsu, and surrounding Zhengzhou, Henan; renewable copper production and operation centers have been formed in the areas south of Tianjin, Ningbo, Zhejiang, and Wenzhou. In the Taihe district in Anhui, a recycled lead production and operation center was formed. These regenerative nonferrous metal production and operation centers with regional characteristics have not only made positive contributions to the promotion of regional economic development, but also promoted the development of China's non-ferrous metals recycling and utilization business. For example, Zhejiang Yongkang started from the recovery of waste aluminum and gradually developed large-scale production of remanufactured alloy aluminum ingots. By further extending the industrial chain, it has now become a production and operation center for domestic automobiles, motorcycles, diesel engine aluminum castings and aluminum die castings. Yongkang's companies such as Luxada Aluminum, Wantai Aluminum, and Haotai Aluminum have formed a large scale with an annual sales income of 100 million yuan. Some companies have also carried out international operations. Through constant development, Jiangsu Chunxing Group Co., Ltd. has not only become the largest domestic producer of recycled lead, but also cooperates with other companies and has invested in large-scale recycled lead manufacturing enterprises in Thailand, making full use of the abundant waste battery resources in Southeast Asia. It has achieved remarkable economic benefits, and has become a star company in Thailand. It is a bright spot for overseas investment in China's non-ferrous metals industry.
After rapid development in the past five or six years, China's renewable non-ferrous metal production has formed a large scale. According to incomplete statistics, at present there are at least 1,000 enterprises engaged in the production and processing of non-ferrous metals in the production of about 3,000 non-ferrous metal industries. In addition to non-ferrous metal mines and a part of electrolytic aluminum plant, lead-zinc smelter, rare earth smelter and processing plant, other non-ferrous metal smelting and processing companies are using waste miscellaneous non-ferrous metal materials. Waste miscellaneous non-ferrous metal raw materials have become an important source of raw materials for China's non-ferrous metals industry.
Although China has made great achievements in the recycling of waste miscellaneous non-ferrous metals, there are still many problems. The most prominent problems at present are:
1. The industrial structure is irrational, production and operation are scattered and there is no scale. In 2001, among non-ferrous metal production enterprises mainly consisting of waste and miscellaneous raw materials, only Shanghai Xinge Nonferrous Metals' annual sales revenue exceeded RMB 1 billion, and it entered the top 50 sales revenues of enterprises above the scale of non-ferrous metals industry in China, and other enterprises’ The highest sales revenue is only about 500 million yuan. Due to the decentralization of production and operation, and the small scale of enterprises, it is difficult for China's renewable non-ferrous metal production enterprises to form advantages and core competitiveness in the fierce domestic and foreign market competition, and the ability to resist market risks is insufficient.
2. The technology is backward, the pollution is serious, the metal recycling rate is low, and the waste of resources is large. Most domestic non-ferrous metal production enterprises currently use backward technology for production, causing serious pollution, low metal recovery, and wasting a lot of precious renewable resources. The sorting of recycled non-ferrous metals mainly depends on manual labor. Most cupolas with high energy consumption, heavy pollution, and high labor intensity are used for melting. In actual production, the metal recovery rate of aluminum can reach 85%, and the recoveries of other metals such as copper and lead are not high.
3. Reliance on imported waste non-ferrous metals is high. The rapid expansion of the production scale of renewable non-ferrous metals in China has led to a serious shortage of domestic waste miscellaneous non-ferrous metal raw materials, and imports have increased significantly year by year. In 1990, the amount of miscellaneous copper imports in China was 21,700 tons. In 1995, it rose to 1.19 million tons, and in 2001 it further increased to 3.33 million tons. In 1990, the import volume of miscellaneous aluminum scrap was only 0.55 million tons. In 1995, it rose. To 360,000 tons, the import volume in 2001 was 370,000 tons. In 1990, the import volume of waste zinc in China was almost zero. In 1995, it reached 22,500 tons, and in 2001 it further increased to 35,400 tons. It is understood that in recent years, China’s imports of waste miscellaneous copper are mostly unsorted waste and used electric motors, used electronic equipment, used household appliances, and used machinery and equipment, waste wire and cable with high copper metal content, and wastes after sorting. Not much copper, so the true copper metal content may not even reach 40%. For example, in 2001, the volume of scrap copper imported by the customs was 3.33 million tons. Even if calculated according to the 40% metal content, the amount of copper metal imported by scrap copper would reach 1.33 million tons. Such a large amount seems impossible. It can be considered that the loopholes in China's waste miscellaneous nonferrous metal import management are relatively large.
Fourth, the development of renewable non-ferrous metal production in China
1. Actively guide and develop internationally competitive non-ferrous metal industrial enterprises or enterprise groups that focus on the recycling of spent non-ferrous metals. Companies such as Shanghai Xinge Nonferrous Metals Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Chunxing Group Co., Ltd., and Tianjin Datong Copper Co., Ltd., which mainly focus on the recycling of non-ferrous metals, have already formed a certain scale. They should actively support their further acceleration of development, and become stronger and stronger domestically. The core enterprise of metal recycling. At the same time, enterprises such as Zhejiang Yongkang, Ningbo and Wenzhou, Baoding, Hebei, Baoying, Jiangsu, and Nanhai, Guangdong, which have regional features of regenerative non-ferrous metal production, should be guided to further optimize the industrial structure and achieve intensive production on the basis of specialized production. The scale of production and operation enhances the strength of the company and promotes healthy development.
2. Support technological transformation of non-ferrous metal production enterprises, change the face of the backward production technology of renewable non-ferrous metals. It is suggested that in the coming period, technological transformation of non-ferrous metal production should become the focus of technological transformation of the non-ferrous metals industry, and priority should be given to project selection and arrangement so as to change the backwardness of China's renewable non-ferrous metal production technology as soon as possible.
3. We will increase support for the industrialization of scientific research achievements in the recycling of non-ferrous metals and promote the technological progress in the production of recycled non-ferrous metals. The relevant state departments shall, through the supportive policies for the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, give priority to the selection and arrangement of a number of renewable and non-ferrous metal projects with advanced and applicable technologies, in particular renewable copper, recycled aluminum and used dry-cell recycling projects, for the regeneration of non-ferrous metal production technologies. Innovation provides demonstrations.
4. Strengthen import and export management of waste miscellaneous non-ferrous metals and prohibit the import of foreign waste. Customs, the State Environmental Protection Administration and other relevant authorities have already strengthened the management of imports of waste and non-ferrous metals, but from the current actual operating conditions, there are still many loopholes, especially the problem of low copper metal content in waste copper imports is very prominent. It deserves extra attention. In order to prevent environmental pollution, China's ban on the import of used batteries, this measure should continue to adhere to strict management, found a group, deal with a batch, put an end to "foreign garbage" to enter the country.
5. Strengthen statistical information on the recycling of non-ferrous metals. In this regard, the role of the recycling non-ferrous metals industry association should be played in particular.
Development and Countermeasures of Recycling Non-ferrous Metals in China
I. The prospects for the recycling of waste non-ferrous metals